Techniques for performing multiple-input and multiple-output training using a beam refinement packet

ABSTRACT

Various embodiments are generally directed to an apparatus, method and other techniques to perform beamforming training in a MIMO environment. Some embodiments may include communicating one or more beamforming refinement packets having training subfields with orthogonal structures such that devices may simultaneously perform beamforming training for each pair of phased array antennas. Embodiments may also include the beamforming refinement packets with channel estimation fields with orthogonal structures.

RELATED CASE

This application is a continuation of, claims the benefit of andpriority to, previously filed U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/866,886 entitled “TECHNIQUES FOR PERFORMING MULTIPLE-INPUT ANDMULTIPLE-OUTPUT TRAINING USING A BEAM REFINEMENT PACKET” filed on Sep.26, 2015, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 62/200,019, filed Aug. 1, 2015, the subject matter of which arehereby incorporated herein by reference in their respective entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments described herein generally relate techniques to performbeamforming refinement.

BACKGROUND

Wireless communication systems communicate information over a sharedwireless communication medium such as one or more portions of theradio-frequency (RF) spectrum. Recent innovations in Millimeter-Wave(mmWave) communications operating at the 60 Gigahertz (GHz) frequencyband promises several Gigabits-per-second (Gbps) throughput. The nextgeneration 60 GHz standard may be applied to new applications, such asoutdoor access and backhaul. These new applications may require longerranges, e.g. 100 meters (m), than what is currently being used. Theselonger ranges may require directional transmissions to achieve thedesired rates. Phased array antennas are frequently used to achieve highgain in a desired direction to achieve these rates. In order to set thecorrect antenna weight vectors (AWV) at the phased arrays ofcommunications stations a beamforming process may be required.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example embodiment of a computing system.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of a beamforming refinementsequence.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example embodiment of a beamforming refinementpacket.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example embodiment communication system.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example embodiment of a process flow.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example embodiment of second process flow.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example embodiment of a logic flow.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example embodiment of a storage medium.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example embodiment of a computing architecture.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example embodiment of a wireless network.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments are generally directed to techniques for operationin accordance with one or more specification, standards or variantssuitable for wireless communications. For example, various embodimentsmay include communications in and around the 60 Gigahertz (GHz)frequency band as defined by Wireless Gigabit Alliance Wireless Gigabit(“WiGig”) Specification Version 1.0, according to Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard 802.11ad-2012,published December 2012, titled “Amendment 3: Enhancements for Very HighThroughput in the 60 GHz Band,” (“IEEE 802.11ad-2012”) or according toany predecessors, revisions, or variants thereof (collectively,“WiGig/802.11ad Standards”). Embodiments may also operate in accordancewith one or more of the WirelessHD™ specifications, standards orvariants, such as the WirelessHD Specification, Revision 1.0d7, Dec. 1,2007, and its progeny as promulgated by WirelessHD, LLC (collectivelyreferred to as the “WirelessHD Specification”), or with any otherwireless standards as promulgated by other standards organizations.Further, some embodiments may be directed for operation in accordancewith the next generation (NG) 60 GHz communication standard, such asIEEE 802.11ay Next Generation 60 GHz (hereinafter “NG60”) or any otherwireless standards as promulgated by other standards organizations.Various embodiments are not limited in this manner.

As previously discussed, communication in the 60 GHz range may requiredirectional transmissions to achieve the required communication rates atdesired distances. These devices or stations operating in the 60 GHz mayinclude one or more phased array antennas to achieve high gain tosupport directional communication. In order to set the correct weightvector (AWV) for the phased array antennas of both the transmitter andreceiver on each side of the communication link beamforming training maybe performed. For example, a beamforming refinement packet (BRP) formatmay include a number of training fields, each used to train differentAWVs for both a transmitter and a receiver.

In some embodiments, a station may communicate with a number of otherstations using multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) techniques byusing multiple transmit (TX) and multiple receive (RX) phased arrayantennas to exploit multipath propagation. Each of these TX and RXphased array antennas will require training. Thus, as will be discussedin more detail below, various embodiments include using a BRP format tosimultaneously train each pair of MIMO phased array antennas. Someembodiments may include communicating one or more BRP packets havingtraining subfields with orthogonal structures to simultaneously performthe beamforming training for each pair of phased array antennas.Embodiments may also include the BRP packets having channel estimationfields with orthogonal structures. Various details are discussed herein.

Reference is now made to the drawings, wherein like reference numeralsare used to refer to like elements throughout. In the followingdescription, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details areset forth in order to provide a thorough understanding thereof. It maybe evident, however, that the embodiments can be practiced without thesespecific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devicesare shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate a descriptionthereof. The intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, andalternatives consistent with the claimed subject matter.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of a communicationssystem 100. In various embodiments, the communications system 100 mayinclude multiple stations or devices. A station generally may includeany physical or logical entity for communicating information in thecommunications system 100 and may be implemented as hardware, software,or any combination thereof, as desired for a given set of designparameters or performance constraints. Although FIG. 1 may show alimited number of stations by way of example, it can be appreciated thatmore or less stations may be employed for a given implementation.

In various embodiments, the communications system 100 may include, orform part of a wired communications system, a wireless communicationssystem, or a combination of both. For example, the communications system100 may include one or more stations arranged to communicate informationover one or more types of wired communication links. Examples of a wiredcommunication link, may include, without limitation, a wire, cable, bus,printed circuit board (PCB), Ethernet connection, peer-to-peer (PTP)connection, backplane, switch fabric, semiconductor material,twisted-pair wire, co-axial cable, fiber optic connection, and so forth.The communications system 100 also may include one or more stationsarranged to communicate information over one or more types of wirelesscommunication links. Examples of a wireless communication link mayinclude, without limitation, a radio channel, infrared channel,radio-frequency (RF) channel, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) channel, aportion of the RF spectrum, and/or one or more licensed or license-freefrequency bands.

The communications system 100 may communicate information in accordancewith one or more standards as promulgated by a standards organization.In one embodiment, for example, various devices including part of thecommunications system 100 may be arranged to operate in accordance withany specification or standards, such as the WiGig/802.11ad Standards,Wi-Fi Standards, NG60 Standard, and so forth.

Further, the communications system 100 may communicate, manage, orprocess information in accordance with one or more protocols. A protocolmay include a set of predefined rules or instructions for managingcommunication among stations. In various embodiments, for example, thecommunications system 100 may employ one or more protocols such as abeam forming protocol, medium access control (MAC) protocol, PhysicalLayer Convergence Protocol (PLCP), Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol, Frame Relay protocol,Systems Network Architecture (SNA) protocol, Transport Control Protocol(TCP), Internet Protocol (IP), TCP/IP, X.25, Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), a contention-based period (CBP)protocol, a distributed contention-based period (CBP) protocol and soforth. The embodiments are not limited in this context.

As shown in FIG. 1, the communications system 100 may include a network102 and a plurality of wireless stations 104-n, where n may representany positive integer value. In various embodiments, the wirelessstations 104-n may be implemented as various types of wireless devices.Examples of wireless devices may include, without limitation, asubscriber station, a base station, a wireless access point (AP), awireless client device, a wireless station (STA), a laptop computer,ultra-laptop computer, portable computer, personal computer (PC),notebook PC, handheld computer, personal digital assistant (PDA),cellular telephone, combination cellular telephone/PDA, smartphone,pager, messaging device, media player, media server, digital musicplayer, set-top box (STB), appliance, workstation, user terminal, mobileunit, consumer electronics, television, digital television,high-definition television, television receiver, high-definitiontelevision receiver, and so forth. In the illustrated embodiment shownin FIG. 1, the wireless stations 104-n may include a PC 104-1, a digitalTV 104-2, a media source 104-3 (e.g., a CD, DVD, media file server,etc.), a handheld device 104-4, and a laptop or notebook 104-5. Theseare merely a few examples, and the embodiments are not limited in thiscontext.

In some embodiments, the wireless stations 104-n may include one morewireless interfaces and/or components for wireless communication such asone or more transmitters, receivers, transceivers, chipsets, amplifiers,filters, control logic, network interface cards (NICs), antennas,antenna arrays, modules and so forth. Examples of an antenna mayinclude, without limitation, an internal antenna, an omni-directionalantenna, a monopole antenna, a dipole antenna, an end fed antenna, acircularly polarized antenna, a micro-strip antenna, a diversityantenna, a dual antenna, an antenna array, a phased array antenna, andso forth.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of a beamforming refinementphase 200 of a beamforming training process. In embodiments, theinitiating STA 202 and responding STA 204 may communicate BRPs includingtraining sequences, and provide feedback to determine AWVs for the phasearray antennas. During the beamforming refinement phase 200, STA 202 andSTA 204 may transmit and receive training sequences in order to traintheir phased array antennas. In some embodiments, the receiver istrained first and then the transmitter is trained. For example, theinitiating STA 202 may communicate a BRP-RX packet 206 that containstraining fields and sequences to enable the responding STA 204 to trainits phased array antennas. The responding STA 204 may communicate aBRP-RX packet 206 that contains training fields and sequences to enablethe initiating STA 202 to train its phased array antennas.

The initiating STA 202 and responding STA 204 can also communicateBRP-TX packets 208 that contain training fields and sequences in whichthe transmitter of the sending station switches antenna patterns and thereceiving station sends feedback in a closed-loop feedback process. Theclosed-loop feedback process may include channel measurements fed backto the transmitting station to allow the transmitter to weigh theantenna elements. One or more iterations may be performed to determineinitial AWVs and to progressively adjust the AWVs until a predeterminedsignal quality between STA 202 and STA 204 is achieved. In someembodiments, the closed-loop feedback process may include sendingweights to the transmitting station. In some embodiments, thisbeamforming refinement phase 200 may be iterated as indicated by arrow210.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example embodiment of a BRP 300 that may be usedduring a beamforming refinement process. The BRP 300 may include anumber of fields, including a short training field (STF) 302, a channelestimation field (CE) 304, a header 306, and data 308 in the preamble ofthe BRP 300. These fields may include information that supports thereceiver during automatic gain control (AGC), recognizing the packet,and estimating the frequency offset. In some embodiments, the header 306may also indicate the existence and length of the AGC field 310, and thetraining (TRN) field 312 which may be appended to the BRP 300.

In embodiments, the TRN field 312 may include any number of TRN Units322-n, where n may be any positive integer and include beamforminginformation and sequences. Each TRN unit 322 may include a CE field320-n and four TRN subfields 324-n. The CE field 320 for each TRN unit322 may be communicated via the same antenna that was used to transmitthe STF field 302, the CE field 304, and the Data 308.

The CE field 320 and TRN subfield 324 are made up of a number or set ofGolay sequences which consists of bipolar symbols (±1). For example, aTRN subfield may include a set of Golay sequences 330, as illustrated inFIG. 3. The Golay sequences are conducted in order to achieve specificauto-correlation characteristics, consist of complementary pair (a andb), and are of a specified length such as 128 symbols. Duringbeamforming training a transmitter of a STA may change the antennapattern at the beginning of each TRN subfield (e.g. the first Golaysequence) while transmit training. In addition, a receiver may changethe antenna pattern at the beginning of each TRN subfield (e.g. thefirst Golay sequence) while receive training. However, embodiments arenot limited in this manner.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example embodiment of a communication system 400which illustrates communications between two stations, STA 402 and STA404. These STAs 402 and 404 may be the same as or similar to the STAsdiscussed above with respect to FIG. 2. In embodiments, each of the STAs402 and 404 may communicate in the communication system 400 using MIMOtechniques. Thus, each of the STAs 402 and 404 may include a number ofantennas. For example, STA 402 is illustrated as having four antennas412, which may be phased array antennas. Further, STA 404 is illustratedas having three antennas 414, which may also be phased array antennas.Although FIG. 4 illustrates the STAs 402 and 404 having a specificnumber of antennas, various embodiments are not limited in this manner.

The STAs 402 and 404 may establish and communicate with each other viathe communication link 430. When establishing the communication link430, the STAs 402 and 404 may perform beamforming training which mayinclude a beamforming refinement process. During the beamformingrefinement process, one or more BRP packets, such as BRP 300, may becommunicated between the STAs 402 and 404. In embodiments, a knownantenna pattern (e.g. Golay sequence) may be communicated from eachtransmit antenna to each receiver antenna. Since the receive antennas(on either STA 402 or 404) can receive simultaneously, they can betrained simultaneously and using the same BRP packets.

Various embodiments include using BRP packets that have TRN subfieldswith training sequences in an orthogonal structure such that a receivingantenna and receiver that receives the BRP packets simultaneously cantrain and separate out the sequences. In other words, AWVs may bedetermined for each receiving antenna using the same BRP packetssimultaneously or substantially at the same time. The orthogonalstructure may be created for each TRN subfield by multiplying at leastsome of the Golay sequences in the TRN subfield by a unitary matrix. Insome embodiments, the first Golay sequence in a TRN subfield may be usedas a cyclic prefix and for antenna switching, and therefore may not bepart of the orthogonal sequence. As will be discussed in more detailbelow, the remaining Golay sequences can be used to generate theorthogonal structure.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example embodiment of a processing flow 500 forgenerating an orthogonal structure for training receiving antennas andreceivers simultaneously. As previously mentioned in FIG. 3, each TRNsubfield may include a number of Golay sequences. FIG. 3 illustrates aTRN subfield having five Golay sequences. This same set of Golaysequences is illustrated in FIG. 5 as Golay sequences 530 as an examplefor generating a training orthogonal structure 550. Various embodimentsare not limited to this example and a set of Golay sequences may be inany combination.

As previously mentioned, the first Golay sequence in the set of Golaysequences 530 may be used as a cyclic prefix and may not be changedduring the generation of the training orthogonal structure 550. Theremaining four Golay sequences of the set of Golay sequences 530 may beprocessed by multiplying the four Golay sequences by a unitary matrix540. Although FIG. 5 illustrates a specific unitary matrix 540, variousembodiments are not limited in this manner and any unitary matrix withunit amplitude elements can be used.

The training orthogonal structure 550 can include an orthogonal matrixof sets of Golay sequences. The training orthogonal structure 550 can becommunicated during the beamforming refinement process in one or moreBRPs. For example, each phased array antenna, such as those antennas 412and/or 414 illustrated in FIG. 4, may transmit one or more BRP packetshaving the training orthogonal structure 550 appended to the end of thepacket to the receiving antennas and receivers. By transmitting a BRPpacket including the training orthogonal structure 550 each of thereceiving antennas and receivers may be simultaneously beamformed in aMIMO environment. The orthogonal structure 550 may allow for a receivingantenna to be beamformed by integrating over the subfield using one ofthe sequences in the training orthogonal structure 550 while nullingcontributions from the other sequences, for example.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example embodiment of a processing flow 600 togenerate an orthogonal structure based on the CE field in a TRN unit. Insome embodiments, the CE field, such as CE field 320 illustrated in FIG.3, may be used in a manner that requires separation between channels. Assuch, a CE field may be orthogonalized.

In some embodiments, the CE Golay sequences 620 in a CE field mayinclude nine Golay sequences. However, embodiments are not limited inthis manner. The last Golay sequence in the CE Golay sequences 620 maybe a cyclic postfix. The remaining Golay sequences may be divided intotwo groups, Gu and Gv, and multiplied by a unitary matrix 630 togenerate the CE orthogonal structure 640. The CE orthogonal structure640 may be communicated with each TRN subfield and/or the trainingorthogonal structure 550 previously discussed above during a beamformingrefinement process.

Operations for the above embodiments may be further described withreference to the following figures and accompanying examples. Some ofthe figures may include a logic flow. Although such figures presentedherein may include a particular logic flow, it can be appreciated thatthe logic flow merely provides an example of how the generalfunctionality as described herein can be implemented. Further, the givenlogic flow does not necessarily have to be executed in the orderpresented unless otherwise indicated. In addition, the given logic flowmay be implemented by a hardware element, a software element executed bya processor, or any combination thereof. The embodiments are not limitedin this context.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a logic flow 700, which may berepresentative of one or more of the disclosed techniques according tovarious embodiments. For example, logic flow 700 may be representativeof operations that may be performed in some embodiments by STA 402 incommunication system 400 of FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 7, a linkestablishment procedure may be initiated at 702 in order to establish awireless communication link with a remote device. For example, incommunication system 400 of FIG. 4, STA 402 may be operative to initiatea link establishment procedure to establish communication link 430 withSTA 404. At 704, during a beamforming refinement process associated withthe link establishment procedure, transmission of a beamformingrefinement packet may be initiated, and the beamforming refinementpacket may comprise a training field. For example, in communicationsystem 400 of FIG. 4, STA 402 may be operative to initiate transmissionof a beamforming refinement packet to STA 404, and the beamformingrefinement packet may comprise a same or similar structure asbeamforming refinement packet 300 of FIG. 3, according to which it maycontain a training (TRN) field 312.

At 706, during a channel estimation field comprised in the trainingfield of the beamforming refinement packet, each of a first plurality ofmutually orthogonal Golay sequence chains may be transmitted via arespective one of a plurality of phased array antennas. For example,during the channel estimation (CE) field 320-1 comprised in the TRNfield 312 of beamforming refinement packet 300 of FIG. 3, STA 402 ofFIG. 4 may transmit each of the four mutually orthogonal Golay sequencechains comprised in CE orthogonal structure 640 of FIG. 6 via arespective one of four phased array antennas 412. At 708, during atraining subfield comprised in the training field of the beamformingrefinement packet, each of a second plurality of mutually orthogonalGolay sequence chains may be transmitted via a respective one of aplurality of phased array antennas. For example, during a trainingsubfield 324-1 comprised in the TRN field 312 of beamforming refinementpacket 300 of FIG. 3, STA 402 of FIG. 4 may transmit each of the fourmutually orthogonal Golay sequence chains comprised in trainingorthogonal structure 550 of FIG. 5 via a respective one of four phasedarray antennas 412. It is worthy of note that in various embodiments,mutually orthogonal Golay sequence chains may be used for trainingsubfields but not for CE fields, and thus the operations at 706 may notbe performed. Likewise, in some embodiments, mutually orthogonal Golaysequence chains may be used for CE fields but not for trainingsubfields, and thus the operations at 708 may not be performed. Theembodiments are not limited in this context.

Various embodiments of the invention may be implemented fully orpartially in software and/or firmware. This software and/or firmware maytake the form of instructions contained in or on a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium. Those instructions may then be readand executed by one or more processors to enable performance of theoperations described herein. The instructions may be in any suitableform, such as but not limited to source code, compiled code, interpretedcode, executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Such acomputer-readable medium may include any tangible non-transitory mediumfor storing information in a form readable by one or more computers,such as but not limited to read only memory (ROM); random access memory(RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; a flashmemory, etc.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a storage medium 800. Storage medium800 may comprise any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium ormachine-readable storage medium, such as an optical, magnetic orsemiconductor storage medium. In various embodiments, storage medium 800may comprise an article of manufacture. In some embodiments, storagemedium 800 may store computer-executable instructions that may be readand executed by one or more processors to enable performance of theoperations described herein. For example, in various embodiments,storage medium 800 may store computer-executable instructions that maybe read and executed by one or more processors to enable performance ofoperations associated with logic flow 700 of FIG. 7. Examples of acomputer-readable storage medium or machine-readable storage medium mayinclude any tangible media capable of storing electronic data, includingvolatile memory or non-volatile memory, removable or non-removablememory, erasable or non-erasable memory, writeable or re-writeablememory, and so forth. Examples of computer-executable instructions mayinclude any suitable type of code, such as source code, compiled code,interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code,object-oriented code, visual code, and the like. The embodiments are notlimited in this context.

FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a communications device 900 that mayimplement one or more of STAs 402 and 404 of FIG. 4, logic flow 700 ofFIG. 7, and storage medium 800 of FIG. 8. In various embodiments, device900 may comprise a logic circuit 928. The logic circuit 928 may includephysical circuits to perform operations described for one or more ofSTAs 402 and 404 of FIG. 4 and logic flow 700 of FIG. 7, for example. Asshown in FIG. 9, device 900 may include a radio interface 910, basebandcircuitry 920, and computing platform 930, although the embodiments arenot limited to this configuration.

The device 900 may implement some or all of the structure and/oroperations for one or more of STAs 402 and 404 of FIG. 4, logic flow 700of FIG. 7, storage medium 800 of FIG. 8, and logic circuit 928 in asingle computing entity, such as entirely within a single device.Alternatively, the device 900 may distribute portions of the structureand/or operations for one or more of STAs 402 and 404 of FIG. 4, logicflow 700 of FIG. 7, storage medium 800 of FIG. 8, and logic circuit 928across multiple computing entities using a distributed systemarchitecture, such as a client-server architecture, a 3-tierarchitecture, an N-tier architecture, a tightly-coupled or clusteredarchitecture, a peer-to-peer architecture, a master-slave architecture,a shared database architecture, and other types of distributed systems.The embodiments are not limited in this context.

In one embodiment, radio interface 910 may include a component orcombination of components adapted for transmitting and/or receivingsingle-carrier or multi-carrier modulated signals (e.g., includingcomplementary code keying (CCK), orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM), and/or single-carrier frequency division multipleaccess (SC-FDMA) symbols) although the embodiments are not limited toany specific over-the-air interface or modulation scheme. Radiointerface 910 may include, for example, a receiver 912, a frequencysynthesizer 914, and/or a transmitter 916. Radio interface 910 mayinclude bias controls, a crystal oscillator and/or one or more antennas918-f. In another embodiment, radio interface 910 may use externalvoltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), surface acoustic wave filters,intermediate frequency (IF) filters and/or RF filters, as desired. Dueto the variety of potential RF interface designs an expansivedescription thereof is omitted.

Baseband circuitry 920 may communicate with radio interface 910 toprocess receive and/or transmit signals and may include, for example, ananalog-to-digital converter 922 for down converting received signals, adigital-to-analog converter 924 for up converting signals fortransmission. Further, baseband circuitry 920 may include a baseband orphysical layer (PHY) processing circuit 926 for PHY link layerprocessing of respective receive/transmit signals. Baseband circuitry920 may include, for example, a medium access control (MAC) processingcircuit 927 for MAC/data link layer processing. Baseband circuitry 920may include a memory controller 932 for communicating with MACprocessing circuit 927 and/or a computing platform 930, for example, viaone or more interfaces 934.

In some embodiments, PHY processing circuit 926 may include a frameconstruction and/or detection module, in combination with additionalcircuitry such as a buffer memory, to construct and/or deconstructcommunication frames. Alternatively or in addition, MAC processingcircuit 927 may share processing for certain of these functions orperform these processes independent of PHY processing circuit 926. Insome embodiments, MAC and PHY processing may be integrated into a singlecircuit.

The computing platform 930 may provide computing functionality for thedevice 900. As shown, the computing platform 930 may include aprocessing component 940. In addition to, or alternatively of, thebaseband circuitry 920, the device 900 may execute processing operationsor logic for one or more of STAs 402 and 404 of FIG. 4, logic flow 700of FIG. 7, storage medium 800 of FIG. 8, and logic circuit 928 using theprocessing component 940. The processing component 940 (and/or PHY 926and/or MAC 927) may comprise various hardware elements, softwareelements, or a combination of both. Examples of hardware elements mayinclude devices, logic devices, components, processors, microprocessors,circuits, processor circuits, circuit elements (e.g., transistors,resistors, capacitors, inductors, and so forth), integrated circuits,application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logicdevices (PLD), digital signal processors (DSP), field programmable gatearray (FPGA), memory units, logic gates, registers, semiconductordevice, chips, microchips, chip sets, and so forth. Examples of softwareelements may include software components, programs, applications,computer programs, application programs, system programs, softwaredevelopment programs, machine programs, operating system software,middleware, firmware, software modules, routines, subroutines,functions, methods, procedures, software interfaces, application programinterfaces (API), instruction sets, computing code, computer code, codesegments, computer code segments, words, values, symbols, or anycombination thereof. Determining whether an embodiment is implementedusing hardware elements and/or software elements may vary in accordancewith any number of factors, such as desired computational rate, powerlevels, heat tolerances, processing cycle budget, input data rates,output data rates, memory resources, data bus speeds and other design orperformance constraints, as desired for a given implementation.

The computing platform 930 may further include other platform components950. Other platform components 950 include common computing elements,such as one or more processors, multi-core processors, co-processors,memory units, chipsets, controllers, peripherals, interfaces,oscillators, timing devices, video cards, audio cards, multimediainput/output (I/O) components (e.g., digital displays), power supplies,and so forth. Examples of memory units may include without limitationvarious types of computer readable and machine readable storage media inthe form of one or more higher speed memory units, such as read-onlymemory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM),Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), static RAM(SRAM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM),electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, polymermemory such as ferroelectric polymer memory, ovonic memory, phase changeor ferroelectric memory, silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS)memory, magnetic or optical cards, an array of devices such as RedundantArray of Independent Disks (RAID) drives, solid state memory devices(e.g., USB memory, solid state drives (SSD) and any other type ofstorage media suitable for storing information.

Device 900 may be, for example, an ultra-mobile device, a mobile device,a fixed device, a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, a personal digitalassistant (PDA), a mobile computing device, a smart phone, a telephone,a digital telephone, a cellular telephone, user equipment, eBookreaders, a handset, a one-way pager, a two-way pager, a messagingdevice, a computer, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, alaptop computer, a notebook computer, a netbook computer, a handheldcomputer, a tablet computer, a server, a server array or server farm, aweb server, a network server, an Internet server, a work station, amini-computer, a main frame computer, a supercomputer, a networkappliance, a web appliance, a distributed computing system,multiprocessor systems, processor-based systems, consumer electronics,programmable consumer electronics, game devices, display, television,digital television, set top box, wireless access point, base station,node B, subscriber station, mobile subscriber center, radio networkcontroller, router, hub, gateway, bridge, switch, machine, orcombination thereof. Accordingly, functions and/or specificconfigurations of device 900 described herein, may be included oromitted in various embodiments of device 900, as suitably desired.

Embodiments of device 900 may be implemented using single input singleoutput (SISO) architectures. However, certain implementations mayinclude multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 918-f) for transmission and/orreception using adaptive antenna techniques for beamforming or spatialdivision multiple access (SDMA) and/or using MIMO communicationtechniques.

The components and features of device 900 may be implemented using anycombination of discrete circuitry, application specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), logic gates and/or single chip architectures. Further,the features of device 900 may be implemented using microcontrollers,programmable logic arrays and/or microprocessors or any combination ofthe foregoing where suitably appropriate. It is noted that hardware,firmware and/or software elements may be collectively or individuallyreferred to herein as “logic” or “circuit.”

It should be appreciated that the exemplary device 900 shown in theblock diagram of FIG. 9 may represent one functionally descriptiveexample of many potential implementations. Accordingly, division,omission or inclusion of block functions depicted in the accompanyingfigures does not infer that the hardware components, circuits, softwareand/or elements for implementing these functions would be necessarily bedivided, omitted, or included in embodiments.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a wireless network 1000. As shownin FIG. 10, wireless network comprises an access point 1002 and wirelessstations 1004, 1006, and 1008. In various embodiments, wireless network1000 may comprise a wireless local area network (WLAN), such as a WLANimplementing one or more Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (sometimes collectively referred to as“Wi-Fi”). In some other embodiments, wireless network 1000 may compriseanother type of wireless network, and/or may implement other wirelesscommunications standards. In various embodiments, for example, wirelessnetwork 1000 may comprise a WWAN or WPAN rather than a WLAN. Theembodiments are not limited to this example.

In some embodiments, wireless network 1000 may implement one or morebroadband wireless communications standards, such as 3G or 4G standards,including their revisions, progeny, and variants. Examples of 3G or 4Gwireless standards may include without limitation any of the IEEE802.16m and 802.16p standards, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) standards, andInternational Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-ADV) standards,including their revisions, progeny and variants. Other suitable examplesmay include, without limitation, Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM)/Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technologies,Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)/High Speed PacketAccess (HSPA) technologies, Worldwide Interoperability for MicrowaveAccess (WiMAX) or the WiMAX II technologies, Code Division MultipleAccess (CDMA) 2000 system technologies (e.g., CDMA2000 1xRTT, CDMA2000EV-DO, CDMA EV-DV, and so forth), High Performance Radio MetropolitanArea Network (HIPERMAN) technologies as defined by the EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Broadband Radio AccessNetworks (BRAN), Wireless Broadband (WiBro) technologies, GSM withGeneral Packet Radio Service (GPRS) system (GSM/GPRS) technologies, HighSpeed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technologies, High Speed OrthogonalFrequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Packet Access (HSOPA)technologies, High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) systemtechnologies, 3GPP Rel. 8-12 of LTE/System Architecture Evolution (SAE),and so forth. The embodiments are not limited in this context.

In various embodiments, wireless stations 1004, 1006, and 1008 maycommunicate with access point 1002 in order to obtain connectivity toone or more external data networks. In some embodiments, for example,wireless stations 1004, 1006, and 1008 may connect to the Internet 1012via access point 1002 and access network 1010. In various embodiments,access network 1010 may comprise a private network that providessubscription-based Internet-connectivity, such as an Internet ServiceProvider (ISP) network. The embodiments are not limited to this example.

In various embodiments, two or more of wireless stations 1004, 1006, and1008 may communicate with each other directly by exchanging peer-to-peercommunications. For example, in the example of FIG. 10, wirelessstations 1004 and 1006 communicate with each other directly byexchanging peer-to-peer communications 1014. In some embodiments, suchpeer-to-peer communications may be performed according to one or moreWi-Fi Alliance (WFA) standards. For example, in various embodiments,such peer-to-peer communications may be performed according to the WFAWi-Fi Direct standard, 2010 Release. In various embodiments, suchpeer-to-peer communications may additionally or alternatively beperformed using one or more interfaces, protocols, and/or standardsdeveloped by the WFA Wi-Fi Direct Services (WFDS) Task Group. Theembodiments are not limited to these examples.

Various embodiments may be implemented using hardware elements, softwareelements, or a combination of both. Examples of hardware elements mayinclude processors, microprocessors, circuits, circuit elements (e.g.,transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and so forth), integratedcircuits, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmablelogic devices (PLD), digital signal processors (DSP), field programmablegate array (FPGA), logic gates, registers, semiconductor device, chips,microchips, chip sets, and so forth. Examples of software may includesoftware components, programs, applications, computer programs,application programs, system programs, machine programs, operatingsystem software, middleware, firmware, software modules, routines,subroutines, functions, methods, procedures, software interfaces,application program interfaces (API), instruction sets, computing code,computer code, code segments, computer code segments, words, values,symbols, or any combination thereof. Determining whether an embodimentis implemented using hardware elements and/or software elements may varyin accordance with any number of factors, such as desired computationalrate, power levels, heat tolerances, processing cycle budget, input datarates, output data rates, memory resources, data bus speeds and otherdesign or performance constraints.

One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented byrepresentative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium whichrepresents various logic within the processor, which when read by amachine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniquesdescribed herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores” may bestored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to variouscustomers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabricationmachines that actually make the logic or processor. Some embodiments maybe implemented, for example, using a machine-readable medium or articlewhich may store an instruction or a set of instructions that, ifexecuted by a machine, may cause the machine to perform a method and/oroperations in accordance with the embodiments. Such a machine mayinclude, for example, any suitable processing platform, computingplatform, computing device, processing device, computing system,processing system, computer, processor, or the like, and may beimplemented using any suitable combination of hardware and/or software.The machine-readable medium or article may include, for example, anysuitable type of memory unit, memory device, memory article, memorymedium, storage device, storage article, storage medium and/or storageunit, for example, memory, removable or non-removable media, erasable ornon-erasable media, writeable or re-writeable media, digital or analogmedia, hard disk, floppy disk, Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM),Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk Rewriteable (CD-RW),optical disk, magnetic media, magneto-optical media, removable memorycards or disks, various types of Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), a tape, acassette, or the like. The instructions may include any suitable type ofcode, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executablecode, static code, dynamic code, encrypted code, and the like,implemented using any suitable high-level, low-level, object-oriented,visual, compiled and/or interpreted programming language.

Example 1 is a wireless communication apparatus, comprising at least onememory, and logic, at least a portion of which is in hardware, the logicto generate a plurality of Golay sequence chains, each of the pluralityof Golay sequence chains to be encoded for transmission by a respectiveone of a plurality of phased array antennas of a station (STA) during atraining subfield of a beamforming refinement packet, each of theplurality of Golay sequence chains to be structured such that it isorthogonal to each other one of the plurality of Golay sequence chains.

Example 2 is the wireless communication apparatus of Example 1, each ofthe plurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise a respective set offour Golay sequences.

Example 3 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 1to 2, each Golay sequence in each of the plurality of Golay sequencechains to comprise a length of 128 symbols.

Example 4 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 1to 3, a respective type of each Golay sequence in each of the pluralityof Golay sequence chains to comprise a type Ga or a type Gb.

Example 5 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 1to 4, each of the plurality of Golay sequence chains to correspond to arespective row of a matrix comprising the product of a Golay sequencevector and a unitary matrix comprised of unit amplitude elements.

Example 6 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 1to 5, the plurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise four Golaysequence chains, the plurality of phased array antennas to comprise fourphased array antennas.

Example 7 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 1to 6, each of the plurality of Golay sequence chains to be encoded fortransmission by a respective one of the plurality of phased arrayantennas of the STA during each of a plurality of training subfields ofa training (TRN) field of the beamforming refinement packet.

Example 8 is the wireless communication apparatus of Example 7, thelogic to select a first antenna pattern for application in conjunctionwith transmissions of the plurality of phased array antennas during afirst one of the plurality of training subfields, and select a secondantenna pattern for application in conjunction with transmissions of theplurality of phased array antennas during a second one of the pluralityof training subfields, the second antenna pattern to differ from thefirst antenna pattern.

Example 9 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 7to 8, the TRN field to comprise the plurality of training subfields anda channel estimation (CE) field.

Example 10 is the wireless communication apparatus of Example 9, thelogic to generate a second plurality of Golay sequence chains, each ofthe second plurality of Golay sequence chains to be encoded fortransmission by a respective one of the plurality of phased arrayantennas of the STA during the CE field, each of the second plurality ofGolay sequence chains to be structured such that it is orthogonal toeach other one of the second plurality of Golay sequence chains.

Example 11 is the wireless communication apparatus of Example 10, eachof the second plurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise arespective set of eight Golay sequences.

Example 12 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 10to 11, each Golay sequence in each of the second plurality of Golaysequence chains to comprise a length of 128 symbols.

Example 13 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 10to 12, a respective type of each Golay sequence in each of the secondplurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise a type Ga or a type Gb.

Example 14 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 1to 13, the beamforming refinement packet to include an automatic gaincontrol (AGC) field.

Example 15 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 1to 14, the beamforming refinement packet to include a short trainingfield (STF).

Example 16 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 1to 15, the beamforming refinement packet to include a channel estimation(CE) field.

Example 17 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 1to 16, the beamforming refinement packet to include a header and a datafield.

Example 18 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 1to 17, the logic to generate the beamforming refinement packet fortransmission during a beam refinement phase of a beamforming trainingprocess.

Example 19 is the wireless communication apparatus of Example 18, thebeamforming training process to comprise an Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11ad-2012 beamforming process or anIEEE 802.11ay beamforming process.

Example 20 is a system, comprising a wireless communication apparatusaccording to any of Examples 1 to 19, and at least one radio frequency(RF) transceiver.

Example 21 is the system of Example 20, comprising at least oneprocessor.

Example 22 is the system of any of Examples 21 to 22, comprising atleast one RF antenna.

Example 23 is at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising a set of wireless communication instructions that, inresponse to being executed at a station (STA), cause the STA to generatea plurality of Golay sequence chains, each of the plurality of Golaysequence chains to be encoded for transmission by a respective one of aplurality of phased array antennas of a station (STA) during a trainingsubfield of a beamforming refinement packet, each of the plurality ofGolay sequence chains to be structured such that it is orthogonal toeach other one of the plurality of Golay sequence chains.

Example 24 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of Example 23, each of the plurality of Golay sequence chains tocomprise a respective set of four Golay sequences.

Example 25 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of any of Examples 23 to 24, each Golay sequence in each of theplurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise a length of 128 symbols.

Example 26 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of any of Examples 23 to 25, a respective type of each Golaysequence in each of the plurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise atype Ga or a type Gb.

Example 27 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of any of Examples 23 to 26, each of the plurality of Golaysequence chains to correspond to a respective row of a matrix comprisingthe product of a Golay sequence vector and a unitary matrix comprised ofunit amplitude elements.

Example 28 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of any of Examples 23 to 27, the plurality of Golay sequencechains to comprise four Golay sequence chains, the plurality of phasedarray antennas to comprise four phased array antennas.

Example 29 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of any of Examples 23 to 28, each of the plurality of Golaysequence chains to be encoded for transmission by a respective one ofthe plurality of phased array antennas of the STA during each of aplurality of training subfields of a training (TRN) field of thebeamforming refinement packet.

Example 30 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of Example 29, comprising wireless communication instructionsthat, in response to being executed at the STA, cause the STA to selecta first antenna pattern for application in conjunction withtransmissions of the plurality of phased array antennas during a firstone of the plurality of training subfields, and select a second antennapattern for application in conjunction with transmissions of theplurality of phased array antennas during a second one of the pluralityof training subfields, the second antenna pattern to differ from thefirst antenna pattern.

Example 31 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of any of Examples 29 to 30, the TRN field to comprise theplurality of training subfields and a channel estimation (CE) field.

Example 32 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of Example 31, comprising wireless communication instructionsthat, in response to being executed at the STA, cause the STA togenerate a second plurality of Golay sequence chains, each of the secondplurality of Golay sequence chains to be encoded for transmission by arespective one of the plurality of phased array antennas of the STAduring the CE field, each of the second plurality of Golay sequencechains to be structured such that it is orthogonal to each other one ofthe second plurality of Golay sequence chains.

Example 33 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of Example 32, each of the second plurality of Golay sequencechains to comprise a respective set of eight Golay sequences.

Example 34 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of any of Examples 32 to 33, each Golay sequence in each of thesecond plurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise a length of 128symbols.

Example 35 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of any of Examples 32 to 34, a respective type of each Golaysequence in each of the second plurality of Golay sequence chains tocomprise a type Ga or a type Gb.

Example 36 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of any of Examples 23 to 35, the beamforming refinement packet toinclude an automatic gain control (AGC) field.

Example 37 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of any of Examples 23 to 36, the beamforming refinement packet toinclude a short training field (STF).

Example 38 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of any of Examples 23 to 37, the beamforming refinement packet toinclude a channel estimation (CE) field.

Example 39 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of any of Examples 23 to 38, the beamforming refinement packet toinclude a header and a data field.

Example 40 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of any of Examples 23 to 39, comprising wireless communicationinstructions that, in response to being executed at the STA, cause theSTA to generate the beamforming refinement packet for transmissionduring a beam refinement phase of a beamforming training process.

Example 41 is the at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of Example 40, the beamforming training process to comprise anInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11ad-2012beamforming process or an IEEE 802.11ay beamforming process.

Example 42 is a wireless communication method, comprising generating, bybaseband circuitry of a station (STA), a plurality of Golay sequencechains, each of the plurality of Golay sequence chains to be encoded fortransmission by a respective one of a plurality of phased array antennasof the STA during a training subfield of a beamforming refinementpacket, each of the plurality of Golay sequence chains to be structuredsuch that it is orthogonal to each other one of the plurality of Golaysequence chains.

Example 43 is the wireless communication method of Example 42, each ofthe plurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise a respective set offour Golay sequences.

Example 44 is the wireless communication method of any of Examples 42 to43, each Golay sequence in each of the plurality of Golay sequencechains to comprise a length of 128 symbols.

Example 45 is the wireless communication method of any of Examples 42 to44, a respective type of each Golay sequence in each of the plurality ofGolay sequence chains to comprise a type Ga or a type Gb.

Example 46 is the wireless communication method of any of Examples 42 to45, each of the plurality of Golay sequence chains to correspond to arespective row of a matrix comprising the product of a Golay sequencevector and a unitary matrix comprised of unit amplitude elements.

Example 47 is the wireless communication method of any of Examples 42 to46, the plurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise four Golaysequence chains, the plurality of phased array antennas to comprise fourphased array antennas.

Example 48 is the wireless communication method of any of Examples 42 to47, each of the plurality of Golay sequence chains to be encoded fortransmission by a respective one of the plurality of phased arrayantennas of the STA during each of a plurality of training subfields ofa training (TRN) field of the beamforming refinement packet.

Example 49 is the wireless communication method of Example 48,comprising selecting a first antenna pattern for application inconjunction with transmissions of the plurality of phased array antennasduring a first one of the plurality of training subfields, and selectinga second antenna pattern for application in conjunction withtransmissions of the plurality of phased array antennas during a secondone of the plurality of training subfields, the second antenna patternto differ from the first antenna pattern.

Example 50 is the wireless communication method of any of Examples 48 to49, the TRN field to comprise the plurality of training subfields and achannel estimation (CE) field.

Example 51 is the wireless communication method of Example 50,comprising generating a second plurality of Golay sequence chains, eachof the second plurality of Golay sequence chains to be encoded fortransmission by a respective one of the plurality of phased arrayantennas of the STA during the CE field, each of the second plurality ofGolay sequence chains to be structured such that it is orthogonal toeach other one of the second plurality of Golay sequence chains.

Example 52 is the wireless communication method of Example 51, each ofthe second plurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise a respectiveset of eight Golay sequences.

Example 53 is the wireless communication method of any of Examples 51 to52, each Golay sequence in each of the second plurality of Golaysequence chains to comprise a length of 128 symbols.

Example 54 is the wireless communication method of any of Examples 51 to53, a respective type of each Golay sequence in each of the secondplurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise a type Ga or a type Gb.

Example 55 is the wireless communication method of any of Examples 42 to54, the beamforming refinement packet to include an automatic gaincontrol (AGC) field.

Example 56 is the wireless communication method of any of Examples 42 to55, the beamforming refinement packet to include a short training field(STF).

Example 57 is the wireless communication method of any of Examples 42 to56, the beamforming refinement packet to include a channel estimation(CE) field.

Example 58 is the wireless communication method of any of Examples 42 to57, the beamforming refinement packet to include a header and a datafield.

Example 59 is the wireless communication method of any of Examples 42 to58, comprising generating the beamforming refinement packet fortransmission during a beam refinement phase of a beamforming trainingprocess.

Example 60 is the wireless communication method of Example 59, thebeamforming training process to comprise an Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11ad-2012 beamforming process or anIEEE 802.11ay beamforming process.

Example 61 is at least one non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium comprising a set of instructions that, in response to beingexecuted on a computing device, cause the computing device to perform awireless communication method according to any of Examples 42 to 60.

Example 62 is an apparatus, comprising means for performing a wirelesscommunication method according to any of Examples 42 to 60.

Example 63 is a system, comprising the apparatus of Example 62, and atleast one radio frequency (RF) transceiver.

Example 64 is the system of Example 63, comprising at least oneprocessor.

Example 65 is the system of any of Examples 63 to 64, comprising atleast one RF antenna.

Example 66 is a wireless communication apparatus, comprising means forgenerating a plurality of Golay sequence chains, each of the pluralityof Golay sequence chains to be encoded for transmission by a respectiveone of a plurality of phased array antennas of a station (STA) during atraining subfield of a beamforming refinement packet, each of theplurality of Golay sequence chains to be structured such that it isorthogonal to each other one of the plurality of Golay sequence chains.

Example 67 is the wireless communication apparatus of Example 66, eachof the plurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise a respective setof four Golay sequences.

Example 68 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 66to 67, each Golay sequence in each of the plurality of Golay sequencechains to comprise a length of 128 symbols.

Example 69 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 66to 68, a respective type of each Golay sequence in each of the pluralityof Golay sequence chains to comprise a type Ga or a type Gb.

Example 70 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 66to 69, each of the plurality of Golay sequence chains to correspond to arespective row of a matrix comprising the product of a Golay sequencevector and a unitary matrix comprised of unit amplitude elements.

Example 71 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 66to 70, the plurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise four Golaysequence chains, the plurality of phased array antennas to comprise fourphased array antennas.

Example 72 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 66to 71, each of the plurality of Golay sequence chains to be encoded fortransmission by a respective one of the plurality of phased arrayantennas of the STA during each of a plurality of training subfields ofa training (TRN) field of the beamforming refinement packet.

Example 73 is the wireless communication apparatus of Example 72,comprising means for selecting a first antenna pattern for applicationin conjunction with transmissions of the plurality of phased arrayantennas during a first one of the plurality of training subfields, andmeans for selecting a second antenna pattern for application inconjunction with transmissions of the plurality of phased array antennasduring a second one of the plurality of training subfields, the secondantenna pattern to differ from the first antenna pattern.

Example 74 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 72to 73, the TRN field to comprise the plurality of training subfields anda channel estimation (CE) field.

Example 75 is the wireless communication apparatus of Example 74,comprising means for generating a second plurality of Golay sequencechains, each of the second plurality of Golay sequence chains to beencoded for transmission by a respective one of the plurality of phasedarray antennas of the STA during the CE field, each of the secondplurality of Golay sequence chains to be structured such that it isorthogonal to each other one of the second plurality of Golay sequencechains.

Example 76 is the wireless communication apparatus of Example 75, eachof the second plurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise arespective set of eight Golay sequences.

Example 77 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 75to 76, each Golay sequence in each of the second plurality of Golaysequence chains to comprise a length of 128 symbols.

Example 78 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 75to 77, a respective type of each Golay sequence in each of the secondplurality of Golay sequence chains to comprise a type Ga or a type Gb.

Example 79 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 66to 78, the beamforming refinement packet to include an automatic gaincontrol (AGC) field.

Example 80 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 66to 79, the beamforming refinement packet to include a short trainingfield (STF).

Example 81 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 66to 80, the beamforming refinement packet to include a channel estimation(CE) field.

Example 82 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 66to 81, the beamforming refinement packet to include a header and a datafield.

Example 83 is the wireless communication apparatus of any of Examples 66to 82, comprising means for generating the beamforming refinement packetfor transmission during a beam refinement phase of a beamformingtraining process.

Example 84 is the wireless communication apparatus of Example 83, thebeamforming training process to comprise an Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11ad-2012 beamforming process or anIEEE 802.11ay beamforming process.

Example 85 is a system, comprising a wireless communication apparatusaccording to any of Examples 66 to 84, and at least one radio frequency(RF) transceiver.

Example 86 is the system of Example 85, comprising at least oneprocessor.

Example 87 is the system of any of Examples 85 to 86, comprising atleast one RF antenna.

Numerous specific details have been set forth herein to provide athorough understanding of the embodiments. It will be understood bythose skilled in the art, however, that the embodiments may be practicedwithout these specific details. In other instances, well-knownoperations, components, and circuits have not been described in detailso as not to obscure the embodiments. It can be appreciated that thespecific structural and functional details disclosed herein may berepresentative and do not necessarily limit the scope of theembodiments.

Some embodiments may be described using the expression “coupled” and“connected” along with their derivatives. These terms are not intendedas synonyms for each other. For example, some embodiments may bedescribed using the terms “connected” and/or “coupled” to indicate thattwo or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact witheach other. The term “coupled,” however, may also mean that two or moreelements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet stillco-operate or interact with each other.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, it may be appreciated that termssuch as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” or thelike, refer to the action and/or processes of a computer or computingsystem, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and/ortransforms data represented as physical quantities (e.g., electronic)within the computing system's registers and/or memories into other datasimilarly represented as physical quantities within the computingsystem's memories, registers or other such information storage,transmission or display devices. The embodiments are not limited in thiscontext.

It should be noted that the methods described herein do not have to beexecuted in the order described, or in any particular order. Moreover,various activities described with respect to the methods identifiedherein can be executed in serial or parallel fashion.

Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and describedherein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement calculated toachieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodimentsshown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations orvariations of various embodiments. It is to be understood that the abovedescription has been made in an illustrative fashion, and not arestrictive one. Combinations of the above embodiments, and otherembodiments not specifically described herein will be apparent to thoseof skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. Thus, thescope of various embodiments includes any other applications in whichthe above compositions, structures, and methods are used.

It is emphasized that the Abstract of the Disclosure is provided tocomply with 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b), requiring an abstract that will allowthe reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure.It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used tointerpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, inthe foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various featuresare grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose ofstreamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to beinterpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodimentsrequire more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather,as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in lessthan all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the followingclaims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with eachclaim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment. In theappended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as theplain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and“wherein,” respectively. Moreover, the terms “first,” “second,” and“third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to imposenumerical requirements on their objects.

Although the subject matter has been described in language specific tostructural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understoodthat the subject matter defined in the appended claims is notnecessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above.Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed asexample forms of implementing the claims.

1.-25. (canceled)
 26. An apparatus, comprising: a medium access control (MAC) circuit; and a physical layer (PHY) processing circuit coupled with the MAC circuit to generate a beamforming refinement packet (BRP) for transmission, the BRP comprising a preamble, a data field, and a training (TRN) field, wherein the preamble comprises a short training field (STF) and a channel estimation field (CEF) followed by a header field, the TRN field to comprise a plurality of TRN units, the plurality of TRN units to comprise two or more orthogonal sets of Golay sequences, each TRN unit to comprise repetitions of a TRN subfield, the TRN subfield to comprise one set of the two or more orthogonal sets of Golay sequences.
 27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the BRP comprises a BRP-RX packet.
 28. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the BRP comprises a BRP-TX packet.
 29. The apparatus of claim 26, each set of Golay sequences to comprise a length of 128 symbols.
 30. The apparatus of claim 26, each set of Golay sequences to comprise complementary pairs of Ga and Gb Golay sequences.
 31. The apparatus of claim 26, the orthogonal sets of Golay sequences to correspond to products of a set of Golay sequences and a matrix comprised of unit amplitude elements.
 32. The apparatus of claim 26, further comprising a radio interface coupled with the PHY processing circuit.
 33. The apparatus of claim 32, further comprising a plurality of antennas coupled with the radio interface, each orthogonal set of Golay sequences to transmit via one of the plurality of antennas.
 34. At least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising a set of instructions executable by the processing circuitry of a station (STA), the instructions to cause the STA to: generate a beamforming refinement packet (BRP) for transmission, the BRP comprising a preamble, a data field, and a training (TRN) field, wherein the preamble comprises a short training field (STF) and a channel estimation field (CEF) followed by a header field, the TRN field to comprise a plurality of TRN units, the plurality of TRN units to comprise two or more orthogonal sets of Golay sequences, each TRN unit to comprise repetitions of a TRN subfield, the TRN subfield to comprise one set of the two or more sets of Golay sequences.
 35. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 34, wherein the BRP comprises a BRP-RX packet.
 36. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 34, wherein the BRP comprises a BRP-TX packet.
 37. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 34, each set of Golay sequences to comprise a length of 128 symbols.
 38. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 34, each set of Golay sequences to comprise complementary pairs of Ga or Gb Golay sequences.
 39. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 34, the orthogonal sets of Golay sequences to correspond to products of a set of Golay sequences and a matrix comprised of unit amplitude elements.
 40. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, each orthogonal set of Golay sequences to transmit via one of a plurality of antennas of a station.
 41. A method comprising: generating, by a processing circuitry, a beamforming refinement packet (BRP) for transmission, the BRP comprising a preamble, a data field, and a training (TRN) field, wherein the preamble comprises a short training field (STF) and a channel estimation field (CEF) followed by a header field, the TRN field to comprise a plurality of TRN units, the plurality of TRN units to comprise two or more orthogonal sets of Golay sequences, each TRN unit to comprise repetitions of a TRN subfield, the TRN subfield to comprise one set of two or more sets of Golay sequences; and causing, by a processing circuitry, the BRP to transmit via a plurality of antennas.
 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the BRP comprises a BRP-RX packet.
 43. The method of claim 41, wherein the BRP comprises a BRP-TX packet.
 44. The method of claim 41, each set of Golay sequences to comprise a length of 128 symbols.
 45. The method of claim 41, each set of Golay sequences to comprise complementary pairs of Ga and Gb Golay sequences.
 46. The method of claim 41, the orthogonal sets of Golay sequences to correspond to products of a set of Golay sequences and a matrix comprised of unit amplitude elements.
 47. The method of claim 46, each orthogonal set of Golay sequences to transmit via one of the plurality of antennas. 